PDF version here: https://sealevel.info/linear_feedback_system_diagram1.pdf
see also: https://sealevel.info/feedbacks.html
Linear feedback system
in = input
out = output
G = open-loop gain (assume 1.0 for simplicity)
ƒ = feedback (shown as +10%)
i2 = in + (ƒ × out)
out = i2 × G
= G × (in + (ƒ × out))
assume G = 1, then:
out = in + (ƒ × out)
out – (ƒ × out) = in
out × (1 – ƒ) = in
if ƒ = +10% then out = in / 0.9 = 1.11111… × in
if ƒ = +50% then out = in / 0.5 = 2 × in
if ƒ = –50% then out = in / 1.5 = 0.66666… × in
Last modified: 18-Jun-2025 (version 8)
Copyright © 2019-2021, David A. Burton.
